Chinas Olympic Table Tennis Domination

Question: Describe about the Chinas Olympic Table Tennis Domination. Answer: Introduction In the current times, sports are not only limited to entertainment, but also have become a source of business or financial gain. Table tennis has increasingly become popular thus creating an avenue for gross sports misconduct as it paves way for corruption. Across the globe, International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) governs table tennis since its establishment in 1926. When China invited the US, England, Canada and Colombia for table tennis friendly matches in 1971, the ping pong diplomacy was created. Since the ping pong diplomacy, table tennis has gained a massive following in the sporting field. Furthermore, the game received immense attention in the 1988 Olympic Games (Keh Quealy, 2016). Sports corruption is not a new thing but rather has been in existence for a quite a prolonged period of time. Sports corruption takes different forms, including, point shaving, match fixing, doping, vote rigging, undue influence, embezzlement, and bribery. In table tennis, due to globalizatio n and business interests the game has attracted the following prolific forms of corruption: Fixing the match Bribe to decision maker Financial and political influence Less transparency This report expansively discusses the most prolific forms of corruption in table tennis while also reviewing the likely emergent form of corruption in table tennis. Most Prolific Forms of Corruption 1. Fixing the Match When the outcome of a given match is influenced by organizers, that match is said to be fixed. Match-fixing is most common sports corruption. There are various reasons as to why this malpractice is practiced, including making sure that certain teams, individuals advance to glory or next step and for gambling purposes. Match fixing is regarded as the biggest malpractice in organized sport (Keh Quealy, 2016). Match fixing occurs mainly when a referee or a player deliberately performs poorly during a sporting contest to ensure that one competing entity draws or loses. A match played to wholly or partially pre-determined outcomes while violating the set rules and regulations of the game. Asian countries pay great attention to table tennis as compared to European countries and the USA. For instance, China has won major medals in table tennis Olympic Games except1992 and 2004. Similarly, China is globally renowned for its continued massive table tennis fixing since 1961. For instance, in 1961, the countrys authorities wanted young and dynamic personalities to represent the countrys image. In this regard, Zhuang Zedong was declared a champion in table tennis. Similarly, in 1981Cao Yanhua was coerced to accept a decision against her because she was regarded as an attitude and obedient player at the time. Consequently, there has been wide publicity about table tennis fixing whereby either a player of a coach accepted predetermined match outcomes. In the 2012 London Olympic Games, for instance, Liu Guoliang a Chinese table tennis head coach ordered Wang Wang Hao to lose against Zhang Jike in the mens singles. The main reason for this was to ensure that Zhang Jike completes his Grand Slam title. The couch fixed the match in a manner that Wang Hao was to be defeated in a five set match (18-16, 11-5, 11-6, 10-12, and 13-11) thus making Zhang Jike the fastest player to achieve such victory (VisceSport, 2015). The coach Liu Guoliang has recently admitted to have fixed the match; he gave Wang Hao an order to lose the match for pride, Hao you must do well, lose to Zhang Jike for pride. You must adjust this attitude as you have Wang Hao have a role. According to Federbet, some non-governmental organisations in Belgium have been involved in table tennis corruption where they identified six suspicious matches in the last 12 months. Furthermore, Federbet also discovered suspicious table tennis match in the Olympic tournaments qualification that featured Stanislav Golovanv, Bulgarian, who had earlier been involved in questionable Austrian Bundesliga matches (Harris, 2013). 2. Bribe to decision maker Corruption in table tennis is not only tied to fixed matches, but also in events where the referee is influenced through bribery to favor one player against the other thus altering the overall outcome of the match. In the article Tennis Has Always Been Corrupt the author brings to light significant claims that tennis matches are fixed by gamblers. Furthermore, the Plus:Asian Games; China Alleges Bribery Attempt article also discusses how the Asian table tennis games were rocked with bribery scandal (Associated Press, 2016). The articles claims that table tennis agents approached players as well as match officials with money in order to influence them sink the games. The article goes ahead to warn all 41 nations about the dangers of bribery. 3. Financial and political influence According to USA today sports, luminaries in table tennis have been involved in suspicious gaming practices. For instance, the article reported that tennis players across the world have been accused of tanking games matches and points for financial gains due to massive pressure from gambling organisations (Associated Press, 2016). For instance, the match between Martin Vassallo Arguello and Nikolay Davydenko, they did not play to their potential for financial gains and despite everybodys knowledge of their point tanking, the two were cleared of any match misconduct (Olison, 2010). Accordingly, after BBC reported about Novak Djokovic point tanking, the latter admitted to have been offered $200,000 to tank the 2006 match. The urge for financial gains has compelled table tennis players to do the unthinkable, according to Xinhua (2016), about 80% of the international players are playing with rackets which do not conform to the rules of the ITTF, the rubbers are treated with chemicals to increase the catapult effect when hitting, this not only applies for Chinese players but also for Europeans as well as other Asians. Like any other sporting activities, table tennis has also been influenced by the urge to gain money as well as influenced by political factors. Since table tennis was adopted in China in early twentieth century, the sport has received significant political support and influence. The late 1920s so various table tennis competitions together with table tennis demonstration events arranged (Associated Press, 2016). However, it was until 1935 that the country established its Chinese Table Tennis Association (CTTA). Political support for the sport was first experienced inn1920s when the Chinese National Party embraced the table tennis as they viewed the game as part of strengthening the nation while at the same time helping the country forge international alliances (Goh, 2016). Accordingly, the Communist Party also found that table tennis was a essential avenue for presenting their struggles and ideas and thus wanted table tennis to embody the partys ideologies together with the guerilla campaigns. In this regard, the Communist Party attached great significance to table tennis not only as an avenue for strengthening the Chinese, b ut also as a political tool essential for unifying the nation and presentation of newly founded Peoples Republic of China (PRC) (Chase, 2016). Following this understanding, the official government created the National Sports Commission in 1952. Table Tennis was immediately considered as a national sport in 1952 but confirmed as a national sport in 1959 (Goh, 2016). The Chinese government has since been on the forefront to gain global glory through table tennis, for instance, representatives of China are government funded to participate in international table tennis competitions. Furthermore, the ping pong diplomacy is another major leap in Chinas table tennis that the Chinese government to re-examine the status of table tennis in PRC. This helped Zhuang Zedong to win mens singles titles in a row rising to become the world champion in 1965 (Clearinghouse for Sport, 2016). In his own words Zhuang declared that playing table tennis was a revolutionary endeavor serving the interests of the people and rather not an opportunity to show off (Kevin, 2013). This is a clear indication the Peoples Republic of China was fully committed to supporting the sport because it was politically important. Similarly, the international competition success accompanied with the active support of the Communist Part made the interests of table tennis to prosper across th e nation (Clearinghouse for Sport, 2016). The ping pong diplomacy still plays a major role in table tennis as well as in the current Chinese politics. China used table tennis for various different diplomatic occasions and purposes. For example, Zhuang Zedong, was ordered not to play the Cambodian player in support for the overthrown Cambodian government. Accordingly, the Chinese team was purposely expected to lose a few matches to the North Koreans and the Japanese to make them not lose face, a sign that would exhibit PRCs goodwill (DeVoss, 2002). However, the Chinese team leader did not understand the politics behind the order, and advised the team play their best and the team won every match against the Japanese and North Koreans thus immensely decreasing their chances in the tournament. The Chinese government did not lightly consider this matter and the entire team members were widely criticized upon their arrival back home. Furthermore, Zhou Enlai, a Chinese government official later met the North Korean Officials he exp ressed the governments regrets for what had happened and later an official delegation was sent to North Korea to apologize (DeVoss, 2002). 4. Less transparency Over the years there have been rising cases of lack of transparency in the game of tennis in China. The once considered high-powered and multibillion-pound game is now sweating due to the lack of transparency as sponsors are being swayed away by the latest claims of skulduggery. Activities such as match fixing, suspicious betting patterns, lack of integrity among players and officials, drug doping, lack of a clear selection procedure for players joining the national team, lack of clear payment procedures for players and officials and lack of clear financial records. These acts in the recent past have affected the overall performance of the players in the world arena. In some cases players have not been selected basing on merit but on whom they know and what they can offer. The selected players lack morale as their allowances are not paid on time due to corruption. However, the tennis body has come up with measures to address the vice in the sport. For instance, over 23,000 players ha ve received mandatory anti-corruption education (Calligeros, 2016). There are penalty measures also put on place to punish players and officials who are tempted to transgress as a way to deter players and officials from corrupt dealings. Some have proposed life bans for anyone caught in acts that are not transparent such as match fixing (TableTennisDaily, 2016). Similarly, in some instances, there is little or no-transparency in officiating table tennis matches; some officials have a notion that participants from China are more skilled than the rest of the world and thus simply take no keen interest in ensuring that the rules and regulations of the game are strictly adhered to (Newshaw, 2016). Conclusion Sports corruption has been in existence for quite a prolonged period of time. Corruption in table is among the highest sports corruption in the world. According to the discussion above, corruption in sports can take different forms including fixing the match, bribing the decision maker, financial and political influence, and less transparency. This report citing different examples has provided an in-depth analysis of how table tennis is stinking with massive corruption. For instance, the report identifies the Chinese heavily involved in table tennis fixing. In all major international tournaments, the Chinese have emerged victorious not only because of their mastery of skills but also because of influencing the final outcomes of the game. Since the times of ping pong diplomacy, the country has taken the game as one of major events of upholding its prestige in the global arena and thus will do all it takes to make sure that it comes on the top. In the same breadth, couches as well as p layer s have been influenced to tank points and matches in order to meet the desires of a few unscrupulous individuals, especially un-ethical gamblers. References Keh, A. and Quealy, K. (2016). At least 44 Table Tennis Players in Rio Are Chinese-Born. Six Play for China. [Online] from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/sports/olympics/at-least-44-table-tennis-players-in-rio-are-chinese-born-six-play-for-china.html?_r=0 Associated Press (2016). Can Chinas Olympic table tennis domination be stopped? [online] From: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3681994/Can-Chinas-Olympic-table-tennis-domination-stopped.html Brenda Goh (2016) Table Tennis: Another Chinese sweep complete with men's team win. [Online] from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-tabletennis-m-team-idUSKCN10T08R Chris Chase (2016) After BBC Bombshell, Novak Djokovic admits he was offered $200,000 to tank 2006 match. [Online] retrieved from: https://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/01/tennis-match-fixing-bbc-buzzfeed-gambling-story-novak-djokovic-bribe-danydenko-evidence-proof-who-on-list Clearinghouse for sport (2016) Match-fixing and illegal sports betting. [Online] from: https://www.clearinghouseforsport.gov.au/knowledge_base/organised_sport/sport_integrity/match-fixing_and_illegal_sports_betting David A. DeVoss (2002) Ping-Pong Diplomacy. [Online] Retrieved from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ping-pong-diplomacy-60307544/?no-ist Kevin D (2013) Unsporting Conduct Improperly Determining a winner and Bribery. [Online] from: https://blogs.magicjudges.org/whatsupdocs/2013/11/01/unsporting-conduct-improperly-determining-a-winner-and-bribery/ Calligeros, M. (2016). Australian Open: Tennis rocked by allegations of widespread match fixing among top players. [Online] from: https://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/australian-open-tennis-rocked-by-allegations-of-widespread-matchfixing-among-top-players-20160117-gm7y9s.html Newshaw, M (2016) Tennis Has Always Been Corrupt. [Online] from: https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/01/30/tennis-has-always-been-corrupt.html Harris, N (2013) Match Fixing experts fear corruption stars will be playing at Wimbledon. [Online] frorm: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2338054/Match-fixing-experts-fear-corrupt-tennis-players-playing-Wimbledon-Championships.html Olison N. V.(2010) Ping-Pong Politic. [Online] from: https://www.ittf.com/museum/ping%20pong%20politics.pdf TableTennisDaily (2016) London Olympics Match Fixing Revealed. [Onlin] retrieved from: https://www.tabletennisdaily.co.uk/forum/showthread.php?9013-London-Olympics-Match-Fixing-Revealed The Telegraph (2016) Tennis rocked by expensive match-fixing claims. [Online] from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/12104779/Tennis-rocked-by-explosive-match-fixing-claims.html (The Telegraph, 2016) Vice sports (2015) The Rise of Table Tennis and Ping Pong Diplomacy. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://sports.vice.com/en_uk/article/the-rise-of-table-tennis-and-ping-pong-diplomacy Xinhua (2016) Table tennis chief slams "doped rubbers" accusations. [online] Retrieved from: https://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-02/26/c_135133089.htm

WordPress Autocomplete Search Setup Guide No Code Required!

Want to add WordPress autocomplete search functionality to your website? You know where visitors start typing in their query and your site automatically helps them finish their search and/or suggests content that matches.Google, Amazon, and tons of other sites use this approach because it offers visitors a helpful search experience. And with the right WordPress autocomplete search plugin, you can add the same functionality to your site.By the end of this post, youll be able to add live search functionality to any WordPress site, including WooCommerce or Easy Digital Downloads stores. An example of the WordPress autocomplete functionality that youll be able to add to your site. You can see both the autocomplete and the content suggestions.After having tested several plugins to help you add live search to WordPress, we settled on Ajax Search Lite because:Its easy to set up.The free version will work for most sites.Its very flexible.Its popular and receives regular updates.The plugin h elps you add live search suggestions and taps into Googles autocomplete functionality to add autocomplete to your search box. Ajax Search Lite Author(s): Ernest MarcinkoCurrent Version: 4.8Last Updated: September 25, 2019ajax-search-lite.4.8.zip 94%Ratings 473,558Downloads WP 3.5+Requires To get started, make sure to install and activate the plugin on your site (heres how to install a WordPress plugin if you need some help).Once youve activated the plugin, follow these steps to configure your new WordPress autocomplete search functionality†¦Step 1: Choose what content to include in searchThe first thing that youll want to do is configure what content is eligible to be included in your search suggestions.For example, maybe you want your suggestions to include blog posts, but not pages. If youre using custom post types (like WooCommerce products or an event plugin), you can also choose whether or not to include that content in your search results.To make those choices, cl ick on the Ajax Search Lite option in your WordPress dashboard and use the Search in custom post types options to choose what content is eligible:Further down the page, you can also choose what parts of your content the plugin searches. By default, it will search for the users keyword in your contents:TitleBodyExcerptBut you can also have it search in:URL slugCategories and tagsCustom fields (either specific custom fields or all custom fields)Step 2: Choose how to display content in suggestion resultsBy default, the plugin will display a lot of information in the suggestion results. It includes the:TitleExcerptFeatured imageHeres an example of how the default settings look:You have full control over what information displays, though.If you want to control the image (or turn it off), go to the Image Options tab. You can turn off the Show images in results? option to disable images. Or, you can use the other options to change:Image sizeWhere the image comes fromSimilarly, if you go to Layout options → Results Layout, you can control exactly what text information displays:Step 3: Configure how the search box looksOne of the ways that the plugin works is by replacing your themes search box with its own design, so youll want to make sure that the plugins search box design matches your existing theme.To control that, go to Layout Options and use the themes to customize how your search box looks:You can also manually change the colors further down the page if needed.Step 4: Add your search box (or replace your themes search box)Ok now youre ready to actually add the WordPress autocomplete functionality to your site.To do that, the plugin gives you three options:Replace theme search with this option, the plugin will override your themes search functionality. For example, if you opt to use this, the plugin will replace the regular WordPress Search widget with its own search box and functionality.Shortcode you can place the shortcode wherever you want your sea rch form to appear (you can use the shortcode in pages, posts, sidebar widgets, etc.)PHP function if youre comfortable editing your themes code, you can use a child theme to add the search functionality directly to your themes template files.The plugin gives you the shortcode and PHP function at the top of the page. And you can turn on the search replacement setting in the General Options tab:For example, you can see two search boxes below. The search box inside the page content is added using the shortcode, while the search box in the sidebar is using a regular WordPress Search widget and the plugins replace theme search functionality:And thats it! Your visitors will now be able to enjoy WordPress autocomplete search on your site.Step 5: Further refine how the plugin works (optional)If you want to further refine things, the plugin includes a number of settings that give you even more control over exactly how your WordPress live search works.These settings are all optional that is , your live search will work fine even if you skip this section.But if you want some more control, here are some helpful ways to tweak things†¦Tweak the autocomplete functionalityThe plugin turns on search autocomplete by default. But if you want to refine how it works, you can go to General Options → Autocomplete Suggestions:Give visitors filter optionsIf you want to give visitors more control over the search results, you can add filter options that let users:Search certain content, like only a posts titleSearch specific categoriesHeres an example:To turn these options on, go to the Frontend Options area:Choose how the plugin treats keywordsIf you want to change how the plugin comes up with its results, the General Options → Behavior area lets you:Show exact matches only when turned on, the autosuggest results must exactly match the users keywords (kind of like using quotes when searching in Google).Keyword phrase logic gives you another way to control how the plugin matches results.Change the results orderBy default, the plugin orders its suggestions by their relevance. But if you want, you can change this behavior to order results by:DateTitleTo make this change, go to General Options → Ordering:Get started with WordPress live search suggestions today!Autocomplete and autosuggest are two great ways to improve your WordPress sites search functionality.To add WordPress autocomplete search to your site, Ajax Search Lite is a great option that wont cost you a penny.To get started with the plugin, all you need to do is:Choose what content to include in the suggestionsConfigure what information displays for each suggestionChoose how your search box should lookDisplay your search box on your front-end site using one of the three included optionsDo you have any other questions about adding autocomplete search to your WordPress site? Leave a comment and well try to help out! Want to improve your #WordPress site search? Learn how to add a utocomplete suggestions

Theme Enhancement through the Use of Motif in The Scarlet Letter

Theme Enhancement through the Use of Motif in The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne used many profound and important motifs. Some examples of this device that is portrayed in the novel are the letter 'A', which is the best example because it changes its meaning throughout the story. In the beginning, it is viewed as a symbol of sin, and throughout the novel changes its meaning.The letter is a label of punishment and sin in the commencement of the novel. It is a literal symbol of the sin of adultery. Wearing the label on her chest, she is an outcast from society. It allows the entire town to know her sin of bearing a child out of wedlock. She wears this symbol to burden her with punishment throughout her life. "Thus she will be a living sermon against sin, until the ignominious letter be engraved upon her tombstone" (59). Society places all blame on Hester, and because of this one letter her life has completely changed.Rosa Hester Prynne 1The letter's meaning in Puritan society banishes her from her normal life.The middle of the novel is a transition period where the letter 'A' is viewed differently from the beginning of the story. "Nevertheless... this badge hath taught meit daily teaches meits teaching me at this moment..." (107). Hester had learned to deal with the letter and grew stronger from it. They now see her as a person who is strong, yet bears a symbol which differs herself. It taught her to withstand the pressures of society. She no longer is forced to wear the letter, but chooses to keep bearing it anyway because it is part of who she is.The letter also portrays the guilt of Dimmesdale, the father of Hester's child. "Mr. Dimmesdale was overcome with a great order of mind, as if...

Wisconsin Vs Yoder Essays - Amish, Peace Churches, Simple Living

Wisconsin Vs Yoder Essays - Amish, Peace Churches, Simple Living Wisconsin Vs Yoder The Case of Wisconsin vs. Yoder (Docket #70-110) goes back to the year 1972. Jonas Yoder and Wallace Miller were both members of the Amish religion. Adin Yutzy, also prosecuted under the Wisconsin law, represented the Conservative Amish Mennonite Church. The reason for prosecution was because there was a law that stated all children must attend public school until the age of sixteen. The three parents, all being Amish, refused to obey such a law and pulled their children out of school after the 8th grade. Their argument was that the high school attendance was contrary to their religious beliefs. The state of Wisconsin disagreed and challenged this case to the United States Supreme Court. The basic constitutional amendment that is being argued here is the freedom of religion. The case was argued on December 8, 1971 and was eventually decided on May 15, 1972. Each side had a perfectly good reason as to why they were right. The defense, (represented as being Yoder), said that the law basically threatens their religious way of life. In their opinion, the only teachings they needed were that of what they had already received up until the 8th grade. They also said that Amish parents provide training from an early age through young adults, teaching them the skills necessary to be farmers, or other skills, i.e., carpenters and parents. This training supposedly prepares them for a much better life as an Amish adult than what they would receive in formal schooling. On the states side, however, their views were much different. The state was simply enforcing a law that requires children be enrolled in school until the age of sixteen. The states other argument was that the extra schooling prepared the children for adult life. In response the defendants found it unnecessary and unjust. The state came back with the question of what will happen to the children if they leave their Amish community. In a 6-to-1 decision, the Court decided that the individual's interest in the free exercise of religion under the First Amendment outweighed the State's interests in convincing school attendance past 8th grade. The Court found that the values and programs of secondary school were in sharp conflict with the fundamental mode of life mandated by the Amish religion, and that an additional one or two years of high school would not produce the benefits of public education cited by Wisconsin to justify the law. In the opinion of Chief Justice Burger: The Amish have a legitimate reason for removing their children from school prior to their attending high school. The qualities emphasized higher education (self-distinction, competitiveness, scientific accomplishment, etc.) are contrary to Amish values. Additionally, attendance in high school hinders the Amish community by depriving them of the labor of their children and limiting their ability to instill appropriate values in their adolescents. A state's interest in universal education must be balanced against the legitimate claims of special groups of people. The State cites two interests in compulsory education: to create a citizenry to participate in our political system and to prepare self-supportive people. The Court agrees with the Amish that an additional one or two years of education will not significantly affect either of these interests.

Schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Schizophrenia - Essay Example Hallucinations, which are caused by disturbances of sensory perceptionThe first signs of schizophrenia often, appear as confusing, or even and/or delusions, which are false yet strongly held personal beliefs that result from an inability to separate real from unreal experiences. Less obvious symptoms, such as social isolation or withdrawal, or unusual speech, thinking, or behavior, may precede, be seen along with, or follow the psychotic symptoms. There are a lot of myths about this kind of disorder. Some say that their body is being housed with evil spirits; some say that they are usually dangerous and should not be getting close with. Actually people with this disorder are more likely to be victims and not the criminals. They are usually misjudged and misunderstood. Approximately there is 1 percent of the population will acquire schizophrenia during their lifetime. About 2 million of the Americans are suffering from this kind of disorder in every year. There is an equal frequency effects of this disorder to men and women but the men's symptoms for this disorder appear much early compared to the women (Michigirl, 2005). A news story from Crime and Justice (1998) reported about a case of a boy named Klarquist, who committed crime of 13 offenses. He had a history about this kind of disease was brought to the hospital while young because he clawed his own eye out. He was brought to be treated by psychiatric tests but was being out and lived normally after that incidence. But as he was in his adolescence he clawed his other eye again which made him officially blind. They were able to find a remedy to restore the eyesight of his other eye and therefore can still see. In October 1997, the devastating effects of that illness became clear to Klarquist's family. Driving his car north in the southbound lanes of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Klarquist plowed into five other cars waiting at the stoplight on East Burnside Street. "He went across the intersection aiming his car at the people there," said John Colby, the deputy district attorney assigned to the case. Although no one was very seriously injured, Colby's theory was that Klarquist was trying to commit suicide. Klarquist was charged with 13 offenses, including second-degree assault, a crime that carries a mandatory minimum sentence of almost six years in prison. Klarquist pleaded guilty but he used the insanity defense, agreeing to serve 10-year sentence under the jurisdiction of the Psychiatric Security Review Board. With this case, Klarquist should be treated to a hospital for such disorder but he was not given a chance. The hospital did not accept Klarquist because his paper works was not properly filled out. While he was waiting for the case and mess to clear out he took out his eyes. It was clear that he was not really given a fair treatment. Thought his papers were not filed out properly with his prior treatment about his disorder, he should still be accepted by the hospital. The hospital who did accept him during his treatment after his trial should be sued. The ethics has gone away by neglecting any patient that has to be treated. It is their duty to help those people and should not just rely on the processing of his papers. With this case, it is very clear that the society is really misunderstanding this kind of people. They don't know about the disorder so they judge too quickly.

Readings and respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Readings and respond - Essay Example The statement the â€Å"end of living and the beginning of survival† (Speech by Chief Seattle 1) which was quipped by Chief Seattle could mean that if the white people would continue to treat the world as their enemy, where land is to be purchased, conquered, and used; then, left with wanton disregard to its state or condition, it could simply indicate the end of life. When all living things have been exhausted for the personal use of man, as perceived to be the purpose of the white people, then, life would start to be difficult and challenging – and thus, it would signify the need to exert strenuous efforts just to survive. One strongly believes that the reliability and credibility of the information contained in the speech was validated due to the fact that it was created by a Native American, who communicated the thoughts, beliefs, and sentiments according to personal experience. As such, it was effective in winning the sympathy for Native American hardship in the 19th century due to the credibility of the speaker and the ability to impart what are the true sentiments and meaning of the land to the Native Americans. Otherwise, if someone, other than a Native American would create the speech, it would not have been as effective as

Examine the ways in which feminism has contributed Essay Example for Free

Examine the ways in which feminism has contributed Essay Examine the ways In which femlnlsm has contributed to our understanding of families Feminists take critical views of the family as they argue it oppresses women and therefore creates issues such as unequal divisions of domestic labour and domestic violence against women. Feminists believe that there is a triple burden of paid work. domestic labour and emotional work. Also gender Inequality Is not regarded as natural or Inevitable, but something that has been created by society. Feminists also argue that the oppression of women is due to patriarchy. The New Right has been criticised by feminists such as Ann Oakley (1997) as it has a conservative and anti-feminist perspective on the family. The New Right is firmly opposed to family diversity. The New Right sees the nuclear family as the natural family and Is based upon fundamental biological differences between men and women. In their view, the nuclear family has clear-cut divisions of labour between the breadwinner-husband and homemaker-wife. Therefore leading to criticisms from feminists. Ann Oakley argues that the New Right wrongly assumes that husbands and wives roles are fixed by biology. She also believes that the New Right view of the family is a negative reaction against the feminist campaign for womens equality. Even more so, other feminists argue that the traditional nuclear family favoured by the New Right Is based on the patriarchal oppression of women and Is a fundamental cause of gender inequality. In this view, it prevents women working and keeps them financially dependent on me. Feminism is often referred to as feminisms as it is acknowledge that the feminist label Is broad and a cover many types of feminist. The main types of feminists are; Liberal, Marxist, Radical and Dfference. Liberal feminists such as Jenny Somerville (2000) believe that the main obstacle for women is the equality in attitudes, practices and law in which can be changed without any fundamental changes to the structure of society. They also are concerned with campaigning against sex discrimination and for equal rights and opportunities. Through people favouring and challenging the gender role soclallsatlon In childhood, attitudes can then be changed towards roles In the family. Liberal feminists argue that womens oppression is gradually being overcome hrough the changing attitudes and changes in laws such as the Sex Discrimination Act (1975) which outlaws discrimination in employment. Even more so Liberal feminists hold a similar view to theorists such as Young and Willmott, although they do not believe full gender equality has been achieved in the family, they argue It has been a gradual progress. Through the gradual progress of changing attitudes, the ways In wnlcn cn110ren are soclallsea In tne Tamlly Is now OITTerent. Daugnters are socialised more equally to sons in the modern day compared to the past. However, ther feminists such as Marxist and Radical, criticise Liberal feminists for failing to challenge the underlying causes of womens oppression and for believing that changes in law or attitudes will be enough to bring equality. Marxist feminists and Radical feminists believe instead that far-reaching revolutionary changes to deep- root social structures are needed. Another type of feminist is Marxist feminism, and they argue that the main cause of womens oppression in the family is not men, but capitalism. Several functions are performed through womens oppression for capitalism, firstly that women reproduce he labour force, through their unpaid domestic labour and by socialising the next generation of workers and maintain the servicing of the current generation. Another function is that women absorb anger that would otherwise be directed at capitalism. Wives are describe as takers of shit by Fran Ansley (1972) who acknowledges that women soak up the frustration of their husbands feelings due to the alienation and exploitation they suffer at work. This is a primary example for Marxists, as it explains male domestic violence against women. Abbot and Wallace (1990) note that the main ause of domestic violence is the male perception that the partner is failing her duties. Dobash and Dobash (1979) also found that these duties tended to be about sex, money and home making. Due to the male perception of the partner failing her duties, it is often resulted in the women believing that they deserved to be beaten. Also women are a reserve army of cheap labour, meaning that when extra workers are needed women shall be taken on to work, but as soon as they are no longer needed the employers let them go to return to their primary role as unpaid domestic labour. However, Radical feminists have been critical based on the emphasis is being put on capitalist forms of exploitation. They argue that patriarchy predates Capitalism which makes it a more significant explanation of female exploitation and oppression. Radical feminists argue that all societies have been founded on patriarchy and for radical feminists the key division in society is between me and women. Radical feminists see men as the enemy as they are the source of womens oppression and exploitation. Also that the family and marriage are the key institutions in patriarchal ociety. Men benefit form womens domestic labour and from their sexual services, and they dominate women through domestic and sexual violence or the threat of it. Radical feminists argue that the family is the root of womens oppression, so therefore must be abolished. They also argue that the only way to achieve this is through separatism, where women must live independently of men. Even more so, radical feminists argue for political lesbianism, which is the idea that heterosexual relationships are inevitably oppressive because they involve sleeping with the enemy. Germaine Greer (2000) argues for the creation of all-female or matrilocal households as an alternative to the heterosexual family. However, for liberal feminists such as Jenny Somerville (2000), radical feminists fail to recognise that womens position has improved considerably with better access to Jobs, divorce and control over tnelr own Tertlll ty Somerville also argues tnat separatlsm Is unlikely to work as heterosexual attraction makes it unlikely that the conventional nuclear family will disappear. On the other hand, Somerville does agree that women have yet to chieve full equality. The feminist approaches already considered tend to assume that most women live in conventional nuclear families and that they share a similar experience of family life. However, difference feminists argue that women have very different experiences of the family from one another and so therefore cannot be generalised. For example, working-class and middle-class women, black and white women and lesbian and heterosexual women all share different experiences so therefore cannot be compared. Black feminists argue that by regarding the family solely on a source of ppression, white feminists neglect black womens experiences of racial oppression. The black family is positively viewed as a source of support and resistance against racism by black feminists. However other feminists argue that this approach neglects the fact that, despite such differences, women do in fact share many of the same experiences. For example, women face a greater risk of domestic violence and sexual assault and low pay compared with men. Feminism is criticised for ignoring the increased family diversity of families in the modern day, and although the nuclear family remains important, it is by no means the only family type.